Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability worldwide. While full recovery isn't always possible, a comprehensive rehabilitation program can help many stroke survivors regain function and improve their quality of life.

Papilledema is a swelling (edema) of the optic nerve disc due to increased intracranial pressure. Prolonged edema may lead to permanent drop out of the nerve fiber layer which can result in progressive visual impairment.

Enlargement of the optic nerve sheath is a much earlier manifestation of elevated ICP than papilledema. It can be visualized by ultrasound

The efficiency of collateral cerebral circulation can be assessed by evaluating perfusion distal to the occlusion usually on CTA or DSA.

Colchicine inhibits the inflammation associated with vascular disease and recently appears to be emerging as a new tool in the prevention of atherosclerotic ischemic stroke.

Brainstem syndromes present with a combination of cranial nerve deficits, long tract signs, and specific clinical features based on the location of the lesion.